The UK's Information Commissioner (ICO) has told the BBC that the firm behind a leak of thousands of Sky broadband customers' personal data could face a fine of half a million pounds.
The list, produced by ACS:Law, contained the names and addresses of more than 5,300 people alleged to be illegally sharing adult films online.
It was posted on the net following an attack on the firm's website.
The ICO said that ACS:Law had a number of questions to answer.
"The question we will be asking is how secure was this information and how it was so easily accessed from outside," said Christopher Graham.
"We'll be asking about the adequacy of encryption, the firewall, the training of staff and why that information was so public facing.
"The Information Commissioner has significant power to take action and I can levy fine of up to half a million pounds on companies that flout the [Data Protection Act]," he added.
Privacy expert Simon Davis called the leak "one of the worst breaches" of the Data Protection Act (DPA) he had ever seen.
The documents appeared online after users of the message-board 4chan attacked ACS:Law's site in retaliation for its anti-piracy efforts.
The firm has made a business out of sending thousands of letters to alleged net pirates, asking them to pay compensation of about £500 per infringement or face court.
It uses third-party firms to scour the net looking for possible infringements of music and film copyright.
Armed with IP (internet protocol) addresses - which can identify the internet connection used in any copyright infringement - its lawyers can then apply for a court order to get the physical address of the PC from the service provider whose network has allegedly been used for the file-sharing.
A BBC investigation in August found a number of people saying they were wrongly accused by ACS:Law of illegal file-sharing. UK consumer group Which? says it has also received a number of complaints. Many contest that IP addresses can be spoofed.
ACS:Law is under investigation by the Solicitors Regulation Authority over its role in sending letters to alleged pirates.
The leak contains around 1,000 confidential e-mails, along with the list, which was an attachment on one of the messages.
The collection was then uploaded to file sharing website, The Pirate Bay, where it is being shared by hundreds of users.
The confidential e-mails include personal correspondence between Andrew Crossley - who runs ACS:Law - and work colleagues, as well as lists of potential file-sharers and information on how much the firm has made through its anti-file-sharing activities.
While some of the e-mails, detailing the internal workings of the company, may prove embarrassing, the leaking of an unencrypted document - that lists the personal details of more than 5,300 BSkyB Broadband subscribers alongside a list of adult videos they may have downloaded and shared online - could be a breach of the Data Protection Act.
Speaking to BBC News, Mr Crossley said there were "legal issues" surrounding the leak.
"We were the subject of a criminal attack to our systems. The business has and remains intact and is continuing to trade," he added.
Mr Crossley said he would not comment directly on the contents of individual e-mails.
"All our evidence does is identify an internet connection that has been utilised to share copyright work," he told BBC News when pressed about the BSkyB database.
"In relation to the individual names, these are just the names and addresses of the account owner and we make no claims that they themselves were sharing the files," he added.
Mr Crossley said he had no further comment when asked why the Excel document was unencrypted, but said he had notified the police, the ICO and was in communication with the SRA.
A spokesperson for Sky told BBC News that they were "very concerned at the apparent security breach involving data held by ACS:Law".
"At this stage of our investigation, we believe that the data included the names and addresses of around 4,000 Sky Broadband customers," they said.
"Like other broadband providers, Sky can be required by Court Order to disclose information about customers whose accounts are alleged to have been used for illegal downloading. We only ever provide such data in encrypted form."
Simon Davis, from the watchdog Privacy International, said the breach was a text book case.
"You rarely find an aspect where almost every aspect of the Data Protection Act (DPA) has been breached, but this is one of them," said Mr Davies.
"It fits perfectly for the term 'egregious misuse' of personal data," he added.
Mr Graham told BBC News that while he did not have the power to put ACS:Law "out of business" a large fine could have serious repercussions for the firm.
"I can't put ACS: Law out of business, but a company that is hit by a fine of up to half a million pounds suffers real reputation damage.
"Firms have to think about how this looks to our customers and to our citizens," he added.
A spokesperson for file sharing news website Torrent Freak told BBC News that the leak was "not only problematic for ACS:Law, but for the thousands of members of the public whose information has also been made widely available".
"It is a very sad day for all involved but we hope that through this unfortunate event the UK's internet service providers will think long and hard about who they give customer data to in future," he said.
The assault on ACS:Law is the latest in a number of high-profile attacks by piracy activists.
Last week, hackers temporarily knocked out the websites of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) and the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
The attacks were declared on notorious message-board 4chan and were reportedly in retaliation for anti-piracy efforts against file-sharing websites.
Users of 4chan are renowned for online activism and direct action. "Operation Payback", as it was known, was reportedly revenge for the MPAA and RIAA's action against The Pirate Bay.
The group has declared it will continue to target other sites involved in anti online piracy activity.
